![]() Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuro-endocrine, neuro-immune, and kindling/neuroplasticity theories. In clinical depression, a mismatch exists between the activities of these two circuits: the balance is shifted to the misery-avoiding side. These two systems collaborate in a reciprocal fashion. Hyperactive motivation to exhibit behavior related to avoidance of misery results in dysphoria (relief leads to happiness). Hyperactive motivation to display behavior that potentially results in reward induces feelings of hankering (relief leads to pleasure). An entire series of basal ganglia, running from the caudate nucleus on one side, to the centromedial amygdala on the other side, controls the intensity of these reward-seeking and misery-fleeing behaviors by stimulating the activity of the (pre)frontal and limbic cortices. distress-avoiding behaviors, the motivation to display these essential conducts is regulated by two parallel cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical, re-entry circuits, including the core and the shell parts of the nucleus accumbens, respectively. 4National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, RussiaĪccording to our model of the regulation of appetitive-searching vs.3Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia. ![]() 2GGZ WNB, Mental Health Hospital, Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands.1Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. ![]()
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